Analog Electronics Workbench
Study op-amp feedback, summing and differential stages, active filters, comparators, transistor amplifiers, instrumentation amplifiers, and oscillators.
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How this tool works
Twelve guided modules connect ideal feedback rules to practical gain, clipping, frequency response, hysteresis, transistor degeneration, and oscillation conditions.
All quantitative plots include axis quantities and units such as volts, amperes, ohms, hertz, milliseconds, decibels, and degrees.
State normalization and fixed graph sampling prevent extreme values from destabilizing the browser.
Core equations
Vout=−(RF/Rin)VinVout=(1+RF/RG)Vinfc=1/(2πRC)Av≈−gm(RD∥RL)/(1+gmRS)f0=1/(2πRC)Assumptions
- Operational amplifiers are ideal except for user-selected output rails.
- Transistor stages use small-signal linear models at 300 K.
- Filters use ideal lumped components and normalized transfer functions.
Limitations
- Not a substitute for SPICE, gain-bandwidth and slew-rate analysis, noise calculations, stability compensation, offset and bias-current analysis, distortion measurement, or laboratory validation.
References and verification
- Sedra and Smith, Microelectronic CircuitsOperational amplifiers, transistor amplifiers, and feedback.
- Sergio Franco, Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated CircuitsPractical op-amp circuits, filters, comparators, and oscillators.