Neutron STEM Lab

Analog Electronics Workbench

Study op-amp feedback, summing and differential stages, active filters, comparators, transistor amplifiers, instrumentation amplifiers, and oscillators.

Analog Electronics: labelled diagrams and key equations for analog electronics, op amps, active filters, and amplifiers.
Browser-local interactive workspace
Interactive workspace initializes in your browser. Engineering method, assumptions, validation, and references are available below.

Engineering reference

Analog Electronics: theory, method, and sources

This electrical engineering workspace publishes 5 governing equations, 3 stated assumptions, 1 documented boundary, and 2 sources so the numbers it returns can be checked rather than taken on trust.

Calculations run locallyCalculation & source methodology

How this tool works

Twelve guided modules connect ideal feedback rules to practical gain, clipping, frequency response, hysteresis, transistor degeneration, and oscillation conditions.

All quantitative plots include axis quantities and units such as volts, amperes, ohms, hertz, milliseconds, decibels, and degrees.

State normalization and fixed graph sampling prevent extreme values from destabilizing the browser.

Calculators and topics covered

  • analog electronics
  • op amps
  • active filters
  • amplifiers
  • comparators
  • oscillators
  • inverting amplifier
  • non-inverting amplifier
  • summing amplifier
  • difference amplifier
  • integrator
  • differentiator
  • Schmitt trigger
  • Bode plot

Core equations

Vout=−(RFRin)VinV_{\mathrm{out}} = - \left(\frac{RF}{R_{\mathrm{in}}}\right) V_{\mathrm{in}}Vout=(1+RFRG)VinV_{\mathrm{out}} = \left(1 \frac{+ RF}{RG}\right) V_{\mathrm{in}}fc=12πRCfc = \frac{1}{2 \pi RC}Av≈−gm(RD∥RL)1+gmRSAv \approx \frac{- gm \left(RD \parallel RL\right)}{1 + gmRS}f0=12πRCf_{0} = \frac{1}{2 \pi RC}

Method and assumptions

Assumptions

  • Operational amplifiers are ideal except for user-selected output rails.
  • Transistor stages use small-signal linear models at 300 K.
  • Filters use ideal lumped components and normalized transfer functions.

Limitations and design boundaries

  • Not a substitute for SPICE, gain-bandwidth and slew-rate analysis, noise calculations, stability compensation, offset and bias-current analysis, distortion measurement, or laboratory validation.

Sources and references

Primary sources are preferred for ratings, standards, manufacturer data, and externally defined constants.

Source policy
  • Sedra and Smith, Microelectronic CircuitsOperational amplifiers, transistor amplifiers, and feedback.
  • Sergio Franco, Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated CircuitsPractical op-amp circuits, filters, comparators, and oscillators.

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